Types of Memory Card

In this modern era we all are dependent on technology for every kind of work to make our work faster and easier. We use laptops, computers and cell phone in our daily life for various type of work. These work needs to be saved for future purpose and for saving daily work report we need memory in our system. Every system has its own memory but this memory is not enough to store all the data so some additional memory is required to save all your data and for this memory card are used. Here in this blog I describe various type of memory card.

1-    Compact Flash Memory Cards:
Compact Flash or CF memory cards are used to store information like text audio, video etc for computing devices. This type of memory card is reused with no loss of data.

2-    Memory Stick Cards:

    It is also known as MS cards used to store and transfer the data. Size of this memory card is very small. There are two types of memory stick cards are available:
'Normal' Memory Stick
'Magic Gate' (for protection of copyrighted documents)

3-    Multimedia Cards:Multimedia card is used to store the multimedia data like movies, music, videos etc.

Above are the memory card used in today’s modern era for storing the data and make your computer faster. Be careful while installing these software in to your computer setup, if you face any kind of problem call computer technician.

Booting Process Of Your Computer

The Booting process involved a well organized procedure to perform all system checks and loads all necessary files to bring the computer to an operable state. This process is also known as bootstrap. Generally there are two types of booting. First one is Cold boot which is used when you turn the computer on from an off position and the other is Warm boot is used when you reset a computer that is already on. Most of the people are not aware about the processes involved in the Booting. In this article I will let you know all the processes in detail manner. Following processes are involved in booting:

• First of all BIOS (Basic Input Output System) comes into picture which is the first code executed by computer when power supply is switched on. When power is turned on, POST (Power-On Self-Test) is the diagnostic testing sequence which is performed by computer to determine if the peripheral devices like computer keyboard, disk drives and other hardware are working correctly. If the POST is a failure the system halts with a beep sound.
•  Then BIOS checks the boot priority. We can set the boot priority as CD drive, hard disk or flash memory.
• The next duty of BIOS is to read the MBR (Master Boot Record).The first sector on a hard disk. MBR contains the partition loader and boot loader.

       Function of Partition table:

• The partition loader code which accesses the partition table to identify the primary partition, extended partitions and active partition which is needed to determine the file system and locate the operating system loader file - NTLDR.
• NTLDR will call upon the boot.ini file which is located at the root directory to determine the location and entries of the operating system boot partition. NTLDR will pass all information from the Windows registry and Boot.ini file into Ntoskrnl.exe.

       Function of Bootloader:

Then Boot loader performs tasks of loading operating system in the memory. Generally two terms are used the Cold boot is used when you turn the computer on from an off position and the Warm boot is used when you reset a computer that is already on. The two stages are involved in the boot loader, stage 1 boot loader and stage 2 bootloader. MBR contains the stage 1 boot loader and stage 1 boot loader is a link to the stage 2 boot loader. The stage 2 boot loader resides in the boot partition and it loads the kernel to the computer memory.

Boot files and functions:

There are three boot files in a Windows operating system and they are found in the active partition of hard disk and its normally C drive:

1.NTLDR: - NTLDR stands for NT Loader and it’s the second stage bootloader.

2.Boot.ini: - Boot.ini contains the configuration files of NTLDR. When the operating system is loaded we cannot pass any arguments to kernel, so those arguments are passed through boot.ini.

3.NTDETECT.COM: - This file detects hardware's and passes information to NTLDR to create a hardware key for hardware detection. A new hardware key is generated after each reboot of the operating system and that's why system asks to reboot after installation of a new hardware.

Kernel and its functions:

After executing the functions of boot files the control is passed to Kernel. Ntoskrnal.exe is    the kernel file in a Windows machine. Kernel acts as a layer between software and hardware. The library file hal.dll helps Kernel to interact with hardware's. HAL stands for Hardware Abstraction Layer and this hal.dll file is machine specific. Now the drivers for hardware's are loaded from the file and the Kernel is loaded to primary memory.

Services and log in procedure:

When kernel is loaded in the primary memory services for each process is started and the registry entry occurs. Winlogon.exe starts the log in procedures of windows machine. It first calls the library file msgina.dll which provides the log in window. Now msginal.dll passes the control to LSA (Local Security Authority), it verifies the username and password from the SAM file. SAM file contains information about all users of that install Window operating system.

Improve Computer's Performance

Many times it was happen while working on computer system your computer go slow all of sudden. When you purchase a new computer it works very fastly, speed is high and performance is very good but after some time it becomes slower and performance decreases day by day.

There are so many reasons that your computer tend to be slow some of them are describe here below:

Registry of your computer: Have you check the registry of your computer setup? Most of the user says NO, because they don't have proper knowledge. Registry is what a list of all the software which we install / uninstall in the computer system. Some times it was happens that some unwanted software get listed in the registry of computer. Due to these unwanted software speed of the computer becomes slower. So, to improve the speed of your computer you need to clean the registry of your computer. Once you clean the registry performance of the computer increases and speed becomes faster. To clean the registry some registry cleaner tools are available on internet as well as on computer repair shop also.

RAM of your computer: Another most common reason for the computer running slow is the memory of your computer. Increasing your RAM can help in improving the speed and performance of the computer. To increase the memory of the computer avoid installing those program or software which occupies large space in your computer's memory. Here very simple way to increase the performance your computer is to periodically delete unwanted MP3, cookies, and files of similar nature.

Beware of spyware: In most of the cases it happens that performance of computer decreases just because of spyware. These spywares are attached to your computer system while you are trying to browse or try to download something directly from the website. Therefore, it's important that your computer has proper spyware protection which can help you get rid of spyware and take care of these threats.

Other Cause: Other causes include like overheating of the PC and opening up of multiple applications at the same time. Yes, we all would agree that the 'impatient human mind' wants everything done as quick as possible. But this desire of the human mind can affect the speed of its most admirable invention. So make sure that unnecessary applications are not opened at the same time and that you have the vents of the CPU unblocked to allow proper ventilation. Which means that you can't keep your CDs, books, and other items on the CPU.

10 Steps Solution for BOOTMGR Error

As computer user you all have faced the common error i.e. BOOTMGR is missing? Most of the people don’t know about the BOOTMGR is the hidden system file in the C: root directory.  For Windows Vista, the boot sector loads the Windows Boot Manager, which first looks for an active partition, then accesses the boot configuration data store and uses the information to load the operating system. Windows boot manager was first introduced in Microsoft Windows Vista that reads the boot configuration data and displays the operating systems selection menu. For earlier version NTLDR (NT loader) was used. This is a program loaded from hard drive boot sector that displays the Microsoft Windows NT startup menu and helps Microsoft Windows NT/2000/XP load. Now this appears as BOOTMGR in later windows versions which are Windows Vista, Window 7 and Window 8.

                         

Causes of  BOOTMGR  error:-

• The most common reason for the BOOTMGR missing error is corrupted and misconfigured files.
• Sometimes it can be caused due to operating system upgrade issues and corrupted hard drive sectors.
• Outdated BIOS (basic input output system).
• Computer hard drive is not properly setup in CMOS.
• Computer is booting from a non-bootable source.
• Damaged or loose hardware interface cable can also cause this error.

Steps to fix BOOTMGR Error:

1. Restart your computer.
2. Now check your optical drives, USB ports and floppy drives for media. Seldom BOOTMGR error occurs if your computer is trying to boot from non-bootable disc. If you find this is the cause for your problem then you have to change the boot order in BIOS so the hard drive is selected as the first boot device.
3. Sometime BOOTMGR error could be caused due to lose or unplugged power and data cables. So try to reseat all internal data and power cables in proper way.
4. Sometime due to corrupt hard drive sectors computer shows BOOTMGR error. For fixing it you can do Startup repair of windows operating system including Windows vista, Windows 7, Window 8. This type of installation will replace any missing or corrupt files, including BOOTMGR. If you face any problem while installing Windows operating system like Window 7, Window 8 etc then you can take help form IMPCSUPPORT they will diagnose your entire problem and offer Instant PC solution.
5. If the partition boot sector becomes corrupted or misconfigured in some way, then Windows won’t be able to start properly and cause an error like BOOTMGR is missing in the boot process.
6. The solution to a damaged partition boot sector is to overwrite it with a new, properly configured partition boot sector using the Bootrec command. 
7. Damage of boot Configuration Data can also be the cause of BOOTMGR error. For eliminating this you have to rebuild the Boot Configuration Data (BCD).You has to use Bootrec command to build the BCD.
8. Check the hard drive and other drive settings in BIOS and make sure they are correct. The BIOS configuration tells the computer how to use a drive so incorrect settings can cause problems, including BOOTMGR errors. There's usually an Auto setting in BIOS for hard disk and optical drive configurations which is usually a safe bet if you're not sure what to do.
9. An outdated BIOS version can sometimes cause the "BOOTMGR is missing" error. For eliminating this problem you should update your motherboard’s BIOS regularly.
10. Install upgraded Window which will fix all the missing files causing the BOOTMGR error. This type of installation will completely remove Windows from your PC and install it again from scratch. This action will certainly resolve any BOOTMGR error but before doing this it is always advised to make a backup all your data as this installation can remove all your data so by doing backup it can be restored.
11. If you have followed the above steps and still you have the problem then you’re most likely facing a hardware issue. So in my opinion you have to replace your hard drive and then install a new copy of Windows.